Notes: A very stable common NC numeral. It is also attested in HU: although the normal Hurr. word for 'seven' is šitta- (a Semitic loanword), the old root may be discovered in Hurr. fāīrǝ ( < *wa(H)er-) "the seven stars, the Pleiades" (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 20). In most NC subgroups (including HU) this numeral reveals a reflex of the old class marker *u_- (*u_ʡĕrŁ_ɨ̆); labial *b- in PWC is also a trace of the class prefix. Special phonetic comments: in Lak. arul < *ʔarl- (insertion of a parasitic vowel between two liquids); the uvular reflex in PD is due to the lost laryngeal; in PWC palatalisation of *Ĺ is secondary (there does not exist a non-palatalised *L in PWC). Otherwise all correspondences are regular.
See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241, 243; 1930, 275; Абдоков 1983, 152.
Notes: The comparison seems quite plausible both phonetically and semantically. Medial *-j- is postulated to account for the development *-ʒ́- > *-st- in PN, while *-w- is reflected as *-b- in PN and as labialisation in PWC.
Notes: Quality of the initial laryngeal is reconstructed tentatively (PN and PA do not provide the best evidence). *-l- (and not *-n-) is reconstructed on PA evidence ( - in case of the nasal *-n- we would expect strong *-χ:- in PA). The comparison seems to be reliable both phonetically and semantically.
Notes: Cf. also Hurr. fūr- ( < HU *wūr-) 'to look, see', see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 64. An archaic root; not widely represented, probably because in most languages it merged with *ʡwĭlʔi 'eye'.
Notes: An interesting cultural term, securely reconstructed for PNC. There exist also HU parallels: Hurr. χūr-adǝ, Ur. χur-adǝ,χūr-adǝ 'warrior' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 63-64).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The root is very close phonetically to *ʡwĭlʡĭ 'eye', and in Lak. and Avar the two words are indeed homonymous. However, reflexes differ in PD and Bezht., thus the homonymy is most probably accidental.
It is interesting to note an analogous homonymy in Georgian (twali means both "eye" and "wheel") - this could be due to an influence of EC languages, where the two words coincided by chance.
Notes: The PEC reconstruction is somewhat dubious, first of all because of the unique cluster *-ltk- in the stem. Cf. also an interesting Lak-Darg. isogloss, pointing to a reconstruction *b(H)VldV: Lak. burt:ij 'on horse-back', burt:ijhu 'rider', PD *murt:a 'rider' (Ak. murda, Chir. mart:a).
All the listed forms can be in fact old loanwords from Alanic (Scythian), cf. Scyth. *bālya- 'troup of horse riders', *bālti- 'horse ride' - reconstructed on basis of Osset. bal,balc and going back to an Iranian verbal stem *bār- 'to mount, ride (on horse-back)'. Other reflexes of this verb in Ossetian are bajrag 'foal, stallion' and baräg 'horse-rider' (whence a later Nakh loanword: Chech. bērī, Ing. bäri).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (although there is a small discrepancy in laryngeal reflexes: we should rather expect in Avar an immobile (A) paradigm corresponding to PN *-ʕ- and PL pharyngealization).
The original meaning must have been "edge, protruding end" preserved in PAA, whence "lip" (PTs) or "forehead" (PL); finally "end" > "game end, set" in PN. EC source is probable for Osset. bɨl / bilä 'lip', see Abayev 1958, 277-278.
Notes: A universal nursery word. However, the correspondences (both phonetic and semantic) are in order, thus reconstructable for the PNC level. Its reflexes are almost in complementary distribution with those of *babV 'mother' q.v., thus the two roots may ultimately be the same (cf. also *ʔŏbV̄(jV) 'father').
Notes: A "nursery" word, like many other EC kinship terms; may be secondary. The non-reduplicated form *ʔabV is very seldom attested (only in Av. ebe-l and PD *ʔaba), because of a possible confusion with *ʔŏbV̄(jV) 'father' (also a nursery word, but probably used with that meaning already in PNC).
Notes: The root is not widely spread and not very reliable; the Lak. form may belong here if buχca < *bVc̣-χV (although the component or suffix -χV is not clear).
Notes: The PN and PA forms are certainly related; as for the PWC *bagʷǝ, it may be alternatively compared with PN *boḳ 'excrescence' - see Shagirov 1, 71.
